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Mikhail Kalinin
Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin ((ロシア語:Михаи́л Ива́нович Кали́нин); 3 June 1946), known familiarly by Soviet citizens as "Kalinych",〔Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov, ''Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party: A Study in the Technology of Power.'' New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959; pg. 1.〕 was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Stalinist functionary, who served as the nominal head of state of Russia and later of the Soviet Union from 1919 to 1946, but effectively subordinate to Joseph Stalin. From 1926 he was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, where he was a member of Stalin's inner circle.
== Early life ==
Kalinin was born to a peasant family of ethnic Russian origin in the village of Verkhnyaya Troitsa (Верхняя Троица), Tver Governorate, Russia. He was the elder brother of Fedor Kalinin.
Kalinin finished his education at a local school in 1889 and worked for a time on a farm.〔Branko Lazitch and Milorad M. Drachkovitch, ''Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern: New, Revised, and Expanded Edition.'' Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1986; pp. 204-205.〕 He moved to Saint Petersburg, where he found employment as a metal worker in 1895. He also worked as a butler, then as a railway worker at Tbilisi depot, where he met Sergei Alliluyev, father of Stalin's second wife.
In 1906, he married the ethnic Estonian Ekaterina Lorberg ((ロシア語:Екатерина Ивановна Лорберг (Yekaterina Ivanovna Lorberg))) (1882–1960).
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